Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Top 5 Social Networking Site †Taiwan

Top 5 Social Networking Site – Taiwan Mobile phone and social networking site – market research Researcher Name: Sam Ng Date: 5 August 2011 1|Page Social Networking Site No. 1 – (Facebook) 1. How many users are there on the site? In Taiwan, there are approximately 10,192,740 audiences (http://www. checkfacebook. com/) 2. How many active users are there? Facebook said it hit 9 million monthly active users in Taiwan in January 2011. (http://www. clickz. asia/2334/facebook-gains-popularity-in-taiwan) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 91. % users use non-mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/) 10,192,740 times 91. 1% = 928. 6 millions 4. How many users access the site via their mobile According to the static of the Taiwan Network Information Center, 8. 9% users use mobile access the network. (http://www. twnic. net. tw/). 10,192,740 times 8. 9% = 907,153 5. Is there an â €˜app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Yes. It has both mobile app and mobile site. (http://zh-hk. facebook. com/mobile/? v=texts) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Sex: female 49. 2% and male 50. % Age: 25 – 34 is 37. 0% 18 – 24 is 28. 5% 35 – 44 is 14. 6% 14 – 17 is 11. 5% To view country information, please check at http://www. checkfacebook. com/ 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features include Daily status updates, news feed, like page, Easter eggs, message and inbox. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Facebook_features) 2|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) We can pay for virtual gift and virtual goods. http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Empires & Allies by Zynga, Happy Farm, City ville (http://apps. facebook. com/silvergames/). 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? paypal, credit card, MyCard, mobile phone, Bank transfer, Western Union QuickPay, Easecard, Gamania GASH GASH/BeanFun Member Account, Gamania GASH – Card Redemption, DaoPay. (http://www. facebook. com/payments_terms/)Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable 3|Page Social Networking Site No. 2 – (Wretch. cc) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 10,282,840 visitors per month. (http://tw. emarketing. yahoo. com/wretch/superior/wretch/wretch_01. php? menu_tree=A&menu_sub_tree=a) 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistic, it has 4. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=Wretch. cc) 3. How many users access the site via their pc?With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. 4 million times 91. 1% = 4 million daily visitors) access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4. 4 million times 8. 9% = 0. 39 million daily visitors) access the site via mobiles. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile site (tw. m. wretch. yahoo. com) and some mobile apps. (http://itunes. apple. com/hk/app/wretchcam/id407676372? mt=8) 6. Who are the main audience?Demographics (age, gender, country) Based on internet averages, wretch. cc is visited more frequently by females who are in the age range 35-44, have no children, have no college education and browse this site from school. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) According to the online statistics, 90. 7% of the visitors are located at Taiwan a nd 2. 5% are located at Hong Kong. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/wretch. cc) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) The main features are blog, album and message board.The users can also exchange name cards and add friends in the site. 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Album: increase album storage, no ad, album background music, online photo rotation, customize album list title, recover deleted album, maximize album title length Blog: increase folder number, increase catalog number, increase links number, increase maximum reply number, blog background music, friend protection Friend: increase maximum friend number, customize friend page title, ncrease friend catalog number 4|Page Media: increase catalog number, increase reply number, increase favorite video number, customize video page title Profile: customize background music, visit counter Message board: increase message number, no ad, visit counter, customize title, use album music, comment alert http://bill. wretch. cc/function. php 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. c? It supports ATM transfer, credit card and paying at 7-11 http://help. cc. tw. yahoo. com/cp_info. html? id=1213. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Wretch is the largest multimedia database in Taiwan – as of the beginning of 2010, there are 3. 5 billion photos, 500 million blog postings, and 15 million video clips. (internal statistics) Each and every day, the users would submit more than 5 million photos to the Wretch. (internal statistics) (http://www. wretch. cc/blog/ycorpblog/11345185). 5|Page Social Networking Site N o. 3 – Gamer. com. tw) 1. How many users are there on the site? The official site said they have 2,500,000 users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) 2. How many active users are there? The official site said they have 1,500,000 active users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/) According to the online statistic, they have 1. 4 million daily visitors. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/entities/web_domains/gamer. com. tw/5s/ci/ql/) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 91. 1% = 2277500) access the site via PCs. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (2,500,000 times 8. 9% = 222500) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Gender: Male 78% and Female 22% Age: 16 – 2 0 is 38% 21 – 25 is 29% 26 – 30 is 16% Country: 96% Taiwan people. The official site also provides the job and education statistic of the users. (http://prj. gamer. com. tw/bahaAD/userall. html) 7.What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) This site provide game information, blog and forum, E-card and computer graphic gallery. (http://acg. gamer. com. tw/wikimenu. php? s=13710) 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) They do not charge any money from the users. However, the users can earn virtual money by posting in the forum and reply others’ questions. The virtual money can be used to buy gifts and play games. (http://wiki2. gamer. com. w/wiki. php? n=13710%3A%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E5%80%BC%E5%92%8C %E5%B7%B4%E5%B9%A3&ss=13710) 6|Page 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress furt her within the game? Provide some examples. They provide different kind of games such as â€Å"Magic School† (online RPC), â€Å"Troubled Times in China† (online RPC) and Monopoly. (http://acg. gamer. com. tw/apiList. php? s=12) 10 What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Not applicable xt. Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site.Not applicable 7|Page Social Networking Site No. 4 – (Eyny. com) 1. How many users are there on the site? There are approximately 4,000,000 users on the site. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E5%8D%80) 2. How many active users are there? Based on the online statistics, the number of daily pageviews is 4,910,809 and the number of daily visitors is 316,695. (http://webinformation. co/www. eyny. com) 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000 ,000 times 91. 1% = 3644000) access the site via PCs.. . How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, we estimate (4,000,000 times 8. 9% = 356000) access the site via mobiles.. 5. Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ Not applicable. 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 18 – 24 is the most represented at eyny. com Gender: the ratio of male and female is fifty-fifty. (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Country: Taiwan 85. 8% and Hong Kong 7. 0% (http://www. websitelooker. com/www/eyny. com) 7.What are the main features of the social networking site? (daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Forum, blog, Wikipedia and share video 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) Unlimited picture view, unlimited downloading attachments, unlimited search funct ion and unlimited in-site message. (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) 9. Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Not applicable. |Page 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? Bank Transfer (ATM, online banking, pay in banks) and cheque (mail to the office). (http://www07. eyny. com/thread-224266-1-1. html) Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Maximum online user is 24287. (http://evchk. wikia. com/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E5%8D%80) Alexa Traffic Rank 7 in Taiwan, Rank 31 in Macao, Rank 65 in Hong Kong (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/eyny. com) Social Networking Site No. 5 (PIXNET) . How many users are there on the site? Not applicable. 2. How many active users are there? According to the online statistics, the number of daily page views is around 8. 5 million and the number of daily visitors is around 2. 4 million. (http://www. wolframalpha. com/input/? i=www. pixnet. net) . 3. How many users access the site via their pc? With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 91. 1% users access the site via PCs. 4. How many users access the site via their mobile With reference to question 3 for Facebook, around 8. 9% users access the site via Mobiles. 5.Is there an ‘app’ or a modified website view for mobile phone access? ’ It has a mobile app (http://cn. androidzoom. com/android_applications/social/pixnet-mobile-controlpanel_lfrv. html) and a mobile site. (http://m. pixnet. net/) 6. Who are the main audience? Demographics (age, gender, country) Age: 25 – 34 and 45 to 54 year olds are the most similar to the general internet population Gender: male is slightly more than female. Country: 80. 9% Taiwan, 6. 6% Hong Kong, 2. 6% China and 2. 3% United States (http://www. alexa. com/siteinfo/pixnet. net) 7. What are the main features of the social networking site? daily status updates, games, avatars? ) Album, blog, message board, exchange name card. 9|Page 8. Are there any features of the site that you have to pay for (e. g you can get a better profile page if you pay a small amount? ) The site provides the following features that we have to pay for: – increase monthly upload size (not included video) and unlimited video upload – choose blog domain name – unlimited album back up – unlimited visitor tracking – album folder management (add, move and delete) – more RSS subscriptions – the latest month blog statistic (https://bill. pixnet. tw/vip/vipnew) . Are there any games in the site where you can pay a little amount to progress further within the game? Provide some examples. Chinese Dragon (flash game), Happy Farm (social game), Pocket Monster (webpage game) (http://pixnet. gamebase. com. tw/) 10. What payment methods are available on the site? Are these different for mobile phones vs. pc? ATM transfer, 7-11 ibon payment, credit card online payment and mobile phone Micro Payment (http://help. pixnet. tw/index/qa? faq_id=95). Please provide any other interesting information regarding the social networking site. Not applicable. 10 | P a g e

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Energy Efficiency

There are various sources of energy available for use. However, energy is a limited and sparse resource that is not in abundance at all places. There is an ever rising need for more energy, but the energy supply and resources are limited. As a result, people have to develop means that can enable them to survive with the small amount of energy that is available. The proper and sustainable use of energy is known as energy efficiency.Efficiency is attained through the adoption of diverse technological methods of energy preservation. Efficiency in energy use contributes to economic growth while at the same time contributing to environmental preservation. It also enhances competition and profitability. Efficient use of energy is aimed at reducing the amount of energy necessary in the production of good s and services. Research in all industries is driven towards improving production from industrial processes.These improvements occur in various ways and with different benefits. These impro vements may lower capital costs, increase yields, reduce operational costs and reduce energy and resource use. This also brings a number of enhancements including increased yield, safe working conditions and lower maintenance costs-just to mention a few. Today’s world is very competitive, and a single effort that can put a competitor a head of another is very essential.Energy conservation and efficient use may make a big difference in production costs as well as in the pricing of produce and services. The difference in prices is what determines whether a business will be successful or not. Reducing energy consumption also increases production. There is a clear relationship between energy consumption and productivity. Energy conservation improves many sectors of any business organization. Firstly, energy conservation improves the capacity of any business organization to compete against fellow competitors.The ability to cheaply produce those results from energy conservation off ers a company a competitive advantage over other fellow producers that may be operating on high production costs. Secondly, energy conservation helps in the saving of the environment; for example the use of fossil fuel and its extraction are both environmental degrading activities Therefore, any action taken towards their reduction is indeed a step towards environmental protection and conservation.Additionally, energy efficiency leads to the conservation of energy, because energy is saved for later use. Efficient use of energy also contributes to the reduction of waste within the environment. The use of most forms of energy produces some kind of waste into the environment. Examples of energy conservation may include insulation of heating systems in order to prevent heat loss and lead to the use of less cooling and heating energy.Reducing energy use results in financial saving and off sets additional costs incurred in the implementation of energy efficient technology. The reduction o f energy use is important in solving the problem of industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In some nations energy efficiency reduces dependency on international sources, and as a result; it offers security to home industries. This offers a sense of national security as well as economic security, through the reduction of imports of energy as well as the reduction of dependency.

Monday, July 29, 2019

How to manage your time Essay

Carl Sandberg said â€Å"time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spend it for you.† Therefore, how to control your use of time? First and foremost, look cautious at your priorities and Identify your goals . According to Oxford Brookes University (2012), you have to identify what is important to you and to be realistic and definite about them. People in all walks of life will have different thoughts, each of them will have their own priorities, identify what you need. For instance, friends, family, getting a good degree, or your health. The great way to determine is by giving a rank to them in order from 1-10 that could help you to prioritise the time you give to the things that beneficial to you and things which will help you to achieve your goals. Then you can allocate a realistic amount of time to each. Being more realistic enables you to build in time to relax and can work more effectively. Furthermore, make a timetable, plan for your future. This is the most common way, yet is the most useful way. According to NUS (n.d.), if you have come to university from high school, it can be a shock to find that you are responsible for organising your study time by your own to complete all the assignments given by the lecturers. Making a timetable helps you to identify periods of potential study time. Ensure that this time is quality time where you can really concentrate, away from all the disturbances. According to TimeMan.com (2013), make a daily To-Do List can be make everyday. At the end of each day, you can organize and schedule your next day. In addition, follow your plan. According to TimeMan.com (2013), do not let peer pressure or the quest for short-term gratification dictate what you consider important. You just have to focus on the goals you have set for yourself and follow up on your true top priorities. Align your priorities with your long-term values and goals. Moreover, overcome procrastination. According to TimeMan.com (2013), without a deadline, you will surely procrastinate. For instance, whenever you get an assignment, set a time to start it off to avoid doing last minute works. Once you are given a due date on an assignment, count backwards from the due date to build up a start date. Take into consideration that you will be spending on other items like social events, sports and so on. Bear in mind that every tasks given is always better to start early to avoid from a panic finish. Last but not least, according to NUS (n.d.), take breaks to  relax. No matter how much you have to do, studying continuously without a break will not help you in the long run. You will simply lose your concentration and remember less. Sometimes, you just have to take a break, really chill out and have a deep breath, this will help you feel better. Remember not to stress up yourself !

James Callaghans Great Debate Speech Influence on Education Policy Essay

James Callaghans Great Debate Speech Influence on Education Policy - Essay Example Here, it needs to be noted that, the following is just an overview of the salient points of the speech, and which are relevant to the topic of this paper. Great Debate Speech This historic speech was delivered by James Callaghan in Ruskin College, located at Oxford, in October 1976. Callaghan begins his speech by highlighting the uniqueness of the college, in the sense that all its students went on to hold prominent positions in the society. He then expresses his appreciation of the fact that there is a strong relationship between the trade unions and Ruskin College. Callaghan subtly states that there are some sections, which are not in favor of the attention of public getting focused on the all-important aspect of education. (1) Callaghan argues that children are the most valuable of all the forms of natural resources, and they should be groomed in a manner so as to be responsible citizens of the country. He suggests that providing them with the right education is the means through which that purpose can be realized. He conveys that all the people toiling in the realm of education are vested with the responsibility of designing its (education) pattern in such a way that the needed standards are successfully met. He then says that he has been highly impressed by the manner in which teaching is carried out in the schools, across the country. Here, Callaghan does not fail to emphasize on the top level commitment displayed by the teaching fraternity. But it is at this point that he throws light on a rather perturbing fact: students who complete education in schools and come out join the industry as employees are struggling to do total justice to their jobs. (1) James Callaghan expressed some unhappiness that majority of students coming out of educational institutions are not inclined to work for the industry. Most of them were choosing to join either the civil services or the academic fraternity. At this juncture, he stresses on the importance of technology-based education that would empower the students in rendering excellent service to the industry. (1) Callaghan also brought the attention of his audience to the fact that, parents of the students were having some misgivings about the unconventional teaching format. This was more so because, the very purpose of the format would be destroyed if the teaching personnel are not that competent. He stated that it is the bound duty of the teaching personnel to be removing the above misgivings. Callaghan remarked that it is of paramount relevance that a perfect balance is brought between the aspects of having technological skills and being responsible to society. Neither of the two should be prioritized at the cost of the other. (1) James Callaghan mentioned that the expected standards for employment have rapidly risen, and that people lacking the needed technical skills are at a disadvantage. He added that, the educational system should be such that, it should successfully address this issue and e nhance the technical knowhow of the students. By this, the students would be facing no hassles in taking up jobs that necessitate having of sound technical knowledge and capabilities. Callaghan concludes his speech by urging the academic fraternity to initiate all the needed changes, so that students can make a mark for themselves in their future roles as employees. (1) Impact on the Educational Policy after 1979 It is not at all an exaggeration in stating that the â€Å"Great Debate† speech of James Callaghan triggered some crucial changes in the educational s

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Economic Issues that Arise in the Decision to Get a Haircut Essay

Economic Issues that Arise in the Decision to Get a Haircut - Essay Example According to Ballestero and Romero (72), decision making is both a formal and a non-formal activity, since everyone does it with or without their knowledge. However, people make decisions with the objective of accomplishing a particular goal in mind. In life, making decision is not a choice but an obligation. The goal of the process for businesses is enhancing efficiency in operations. Furthermore, the process aids in analyzing issues from a financial perspective. This is because decisions made by managers have financial implications on the position of a business in the corporate world. People consider several factors before coming up with decisions in all circumstances. In a business settings, managers consult widely prior to coming up with a decision on a particular issue. Consequently, the person making the decision analyzes the short-term consequences of the decision prior to choosing a particular alternative. It is important to generate alternatives to chose when planning to mak e decisions. In order for one to choose to get a haircut, he should consider the factors involved such as the opportunity cost, gains of the trade and elasticity of the demand. Additionally, the person has to decide the place from where to get his haircut. For instance, the person will consider price as a critical factor in making the decision on the issues. ... In making the decision, the person should note that the decision has both positive and unconstructive consequences depending on the process. Decision-making is the most critical process in business management because it determines profitability. The process also influences directions of operations for businesses. According to business managers, it is the central objectives in management. For the case above, the choice of the machine and the person to conduct the job are critical elements to consider when analyzing impacts of choosing to cut the hair from a business perspective. Consequently, competence of the barber, the barber’s attitude and time are critical in decision-making. Since the alternatives have several financial implications, the individual has to choose alternative that best suit his interest. According to economists, the need to satisfy the basic wants is the basis of decision-making. Interestingly, the satisfaction of one’ needs is not the end goal in it self since a decision leads to other needs. For instance, cutting hair in a particular way, will lead to the urge of dressing a manner that is appropriate to the haircut. Moreover, choosing a particular hairstyle signifies the position of an individual in the society. In modern society, several styles of haircuts have different connotations. The most dominant style resembles popular opinion in the society. Unique hairstyle on the contrary represents nouvelle ideas. The knowledge that different hairstyle espouse different meaning dictates choices in society. Given that many hairstyles are available, selecting one is a daunting task. To the young, shaggy haircuts is trendy and cool, whereas the old dislike the style. Teenagers

Saturday, July 27, 2019

1200 Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1200 Middle Ages - Essay Example With my caravan of servants I find myself in a city in the Kingdom of Georgia named Apsaros. This city is a port on the Black Sea. I traveled here to trade with another caravan of merchants which I had been told came from Persia. I met them and they took me into their tents. I could not help but notice that their women never spoke and wore garb from head to toe. Our Greek women, though not immodest, are allowed to show their faces. Not these women. Though I had little to trade, I did fortunately have a large amount of gold coins that I had acquired months prior. With these coins I bought from these Persians many silver plates (a famous Persian product) and, as luck had it, several roles of silk. The head merchant of the Persians, a man by the name of Mahbod Arsham, told me the silk came from yet another group of traders who had traveled across the Asian steppe, to the other side of the Pamir Mountains, where they had encountered a band of Mongolian nomads. Having traveled south, we find ourselves in the Ayyubid Caliphate city of Ar Roha. We are not here for trading purposes. Another large caravan of Muslim traders arrived in the city at about the same time we did. Some of these men were not just any Muslims, they were followers of Sufism. One of them named Abdelaziz Ibn Nasab was kind enough to tell me about his group’s beliefs. He said that they follow all the rules of Islam but also seek to control their bodily impulses. This reminded me of the ascetics in my native Byzantium. They rigorously study the Quran and the teachings of Muhammed. Muslims believe in the submission of oneself to Allah, their god. The Quran is very important, central even, to their religion. The Sufists pride themselves not only as Muslims but also as Muslims who have sought to purify themselves before god. For them the seeker of the divine path, the Dervish, must dedicate himself to fulfilling Allah’s word as expressed in the Quran. I now find myself in

Friday, July 26, 2019

Managing & Leading People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing & Leading People - Essay Example The study has picked up the business environment in the South-Eastern Europe and has selected Mobiltel as the pivot for analyzing HR management policies and practices. Mobiltel stands to be one of the largest and most reliable Mobile Phone Service providers in Bulgaria, whose origins could be traced to the year 1994. Eventually, it was in September 1995 that Mobiltel was launched commercially in Bulgaria and since then the company has managed to assure a noticeable success and sustenance, while braving the diverse economic, political and organizational crisis and situations that came its way. The suitable, relevant and ever-evolving HRM practices at Mobiltel certainly played a central role in making it a business leader that enjoys the coveted honour of being amongst the top 10 Bulgarian companies. The raw material of the study is the HR management principles and practices adopted by Mobiltel, with an eye on the circumstances under which this was done. The conclusions of the study ar e based on the information gathered through a structured questionnaire and the secondary information culled out through the company sources and independent research. There is no denying the fact that East European corporations and especially the corporations of South-East European origin do face many challenges emanating from local and global circumstances, which do press on their ability to assure sustainability and market leadership. One simply cannot touch on the issue of South-East European business environment, without alluding to the political environment in the region that certainly has a direct impact on the available human resources and their management. The creation of new countries, courtesy the breaking of the erstwhile Eastern Block, the ongoing social fragmentation on the ethnic lines, the inability of the political authorities to

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Mark and his Attacking Janet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mark and his Attacking Janet - Essay Example For Mark, there are several laws that can be used to give advice to him. As by law, he can remain silent and not disclose his whereabouts during the night Janet was attacked. Silence is instructed by Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 and CJPOA 1994 s.34 and 37. The right to silence is given to Mark, through this law. The Right to Silence indicates that the accused does not have to answer questions during trial and hearing or before it in order to avoid self-incrimination.As by law, he can remain silent and not disclose his whereabouts during the night Janet was attacked. Silence is instructed by Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 and CJPOA 1994 s.34 and 37. The right to silence is given to Mark, through this law. The Right to Silence indicates that the accused does not have to answer questions during trial and hearing or before it in order to avoid self-incrimination. â€Å"[†¦] it is not the compulsion to answer questions which creates the breach of Art. 6, but the subsequent use of the evidence so obtained. In any event, for the most part, a suspect cannot be prosecuted for refusing to answer questions.† (KeyZone, Public Law). â€Å"(d) to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him† (European Convention on Human Rights) This means that Mark has the right to cross-examine the witnesses that are testifying against him for the attack on Janet.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Land Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law - Case Study Example If it is not registered (as some purchases before that date will not be), the legal owners will be listed on the document called the conveyance, which passes the property from one owner to another" (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). However, the real value of the property lies in the second type of ownership, i.e. equitable or beneficial ownership as this ownership ensures the right to "the right to live in and use the property, and the right to share in the proceeds of any sale." Also, the equitable owner also can control a legal owner and decide on the sale of the property. As an immediate result of this factor, the buyer of the property will suffer much generally because it is normally difficult for the buyer to realise the existence of an equitable owner form the usual searches of the land or enquiries of the seller. As a result, the buyer will be bound to allow the beneficial owner after the business is over. (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). It is also necessary that in the case of the legal and the beneficial owners of a property are different there arises a situation called trust, an arrangement formulated by a deed or written agreement. In the present case given for discussion, the two sisters Jennifer and her sister Clarissa conveyed the property as beneficial joint tenants. Thus, it is pertinent to have an idea of how such a property can be held in beneficial joint tenants which is one of the two ways of joint property, the other being the beneficial tenants in common. In the case of beneficial joint tenants, the joint owners are equally entitled to the property by which both share the rights to enjoy the benefits of the property together. Thus, the two sisters enjoy the unregistered country cottage property in Maple Leaf jointly. And, as it is evident, they do not enjoy separate shares but own the whole thing in common to each other and neither Jennifer nor Clarissa could enjoy separate share which each could sell or leave in a will. As it is clear in the case, Jennifer applies for the permission for the sale of her property, but immediately breaths her last. At her death, her application for the sale of propert y cannot succeed as in the case where "one person dies then the survivor becomes the owner of the whole property. This happens automatically without any further formality" (Joint Ownership - the methods). Also, let this be clear that Jennifer's case, at her death, in application for the sale of property cannot succeed as the law entails the person left the absolute ownership of the property. "If there is only one joint tenant left, he or she becomes outright owner of the property. Because no joint owner has a defined share, their interest in the property does not become part of their estate when they die, but simply disappears" (Joint Ownership of Property. 2008). However, we need to consider whether the particular case of Jennifer would succeed at the time of her application for sale of the property. The specifications of the case are that the property was an unregistered one conveyed to the sisters as beneficial joint tenants; the share of Jennifer in the deal was 160,000 of the total 280,000; and the children of Clarissa had Attention Hyperactivity Deficit

The Constitution of the United States Assignment

The Constitution of the United States - Assignment Example It has long been the tradition of rulers to have a constitution that is used to form the basis of governance. Since the earliest recorded history, constitutions were used to define who held the authority to tax or hold property. Constitutions had the additional responsibility of defining what the public's rights were and designing a structure of law enforcement. The wording and intent of a constitution define the nature that the government will have and the limits of its authority over individual freedom, free thought, free thought, and the ability of the people to make any necessary change. These traditions carried over to the US Constitution, which is a written document that defines the structure of government and its relationship to the people. As with the constitutions that preceded it, the document sets limits on power and provides a means to enact and enforce legislation. The US Constitution presents an agreed upon set of principles that are acknowledged to be universal and a system to implement these beliefs. The US Constitution spells out the rights that the people have and the legal recourse available when these rights are violated. The US constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers, which divides authority among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. These basic principles were adopted from earlier European thinkers and constitutions, and form the foundation of the more eloquent expression that the legislative process is based on. In addition, the US constitution embodies the philosophical beliefs in equality and fairness that Americans have come to take for granted. While these principles were written into the original text, additional elaboration on individual rights and the need to accommodate a changing society have necessitated the addition of amendments.  

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Report on case study 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Report on 1 - Case Study Example The major causes of the said issue are because the earthquake was extremely strong for people of Tokyo. During the incident, the building shook two or three times and many times afterwards due to aftershocks effects. The shockwaves can cause the health problems especially the trauma to the people2. It even caused the staff to go under their desks with helmets, holding the legs on tables for fear. There was a power surge in most of the parts in the area, hence, the trains could not be able to function normally since there were no enough power in things like traffic lights, lights in buildings and such as they were also affected. These factors caused the people in the businesses to uphold the commencement of reopening them. In addition, it was a dilemma for the people to know the damage caused in Tokyo, and for how long would the trains resume their usual businesses. The question of if there would be food in some days or what was going to happen in fuel supply since the television aired spectacular scenes of fire in a gas terminus in Tokyo Bay area. In this, there were uncertainties everywhere as the people lacks clear information to help in making any decision. Most of the people, especially in Rio Tinto Japan, could not afford to go home. They had to travel the next day, as the situation was not conducive environment for running a business normally. The incident becomes one of the major tsunami in the world34. The social issue affecting the businesses resumption was if the reopening of the businesses and offices would be possible. The stakeholders gauged the available options but without knowing what to do next. Their ethical issues included if to open the business and operate normally, or to keep everyone at home, or even to ask every staff to remain in safe locations and work from there. Although no any issue was possible to resolve at the time as there were no adequate information to make a good decision, which favors the

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Necessity of Art Essay Example for Free

The Necessity of Art Essay What is art? There are many definitions that can be given to art depending on the person talking about it and by these definitions; the following questions can be answered. Why is art necessary? What does it benefit us if art is applied in our lives? What can it do for us? What is its importance? These are the questions some people think of when they hear the word art. I have learned some things in my GREATWK class especially the definition of art and how to answer these questions. To give a heads up, I got a quote from Fischer, a writer and it says: Art is necessary in order that man should be able to recognize and change the world. But art is also necessary by virtue of the magic inherent in it. Art in capitalist society may appear as a discrete area of leisure or luxury, but this is wholly exceptional for human society. Art was humanity’s attempt to control the world. Art and magic were the same thing: ‘The newly acquired power to grasp and control objects, to prompt social activity and bring about events by means of signs, images, and words, led him to expect the magical power of language to be infinite. Fischer, 2012). In relation to Fischer’s idea of why is art necessary, it is because in today’s time, more and more people often use art as a form of communication, expression, imagination, exploration and many more. Art is important in viewing things differently, and the world where we live in, in general. People, specifically, young people or the youth use art for their own creativity and expression. People use art to express what they are feeling about things which other people tries to understand what it conveys to them especially in social reality or in society, rather. One of the things why art is important in our society is that art can show how change and improvement may be brought about with a mixture of creative imagination. It may be considered as a guide to our society as well but more of that later. We will be discussing what I learned through this subject in the course of this paper. Art and Its Importance What is Art? First of all, what is Art? This question had been and is still asked and at the same time answered by several human minds ever since ancient Greek philosophers had lived. Many may argue that art cannot be statically defined, in as much as that art is a very complex and dynamic term which can be proven by the drastic changes of the definition of the term over the years. To better understand its importance, we must first know its definition. Art stimulates different parts of our brains to make us laugh or incite us to riot, with a whole gamut of emotions in between. Art gives us a way to be creative and express ourselves. For some people, art is the entire reason they get out of bed in the morning. It is something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans. Art is such a large part of our everyday lives that we may hardly even stop to think about it. Art is something that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing to our eyes. For some students Art is their motivation for coming to school and an area where they have success or excel, providing an important balance in their total educational experience. These are some of the definitions of art. Art has its own distinctive and indispensible features. It has the ability to convey messages and emotions; †¢It is a mere combination of man’s own cognitive and creative attitudes to reality recorded in words, colours, plastic forms, or melodically arranged sound; †¢It also has an ability of having profound communicative function; †¢It also contains the cognitive, moral and social substance; †¢It makes use of different styles like paintings and poems. There are many definitions of art but to simply put it, art is a diverse range of human acts and what it produces. Art is created by man and man alone. It has been characterized, specifically, in terms of expression, communication and emotion. There are other values that characterize art but these 3 specifically characterize it. Another main definition of art is that it is form and content, meaning all art consists of form and content. Form simply means the elements of art used, its design principles and the physical materials used. Content, on the other hand, is idea-based and it means that what the artist meant to portray, what the artist did portray and ow we, individuals, react to both the intended and the actual messages. Additionally, content includes ways in which a work was influenced by something like politics, religion, society or sometimes even the artist’s use of hallucinogenic substances at the time it was created. All of these factors, together, make up the content side of art. Why is Art Necessary? Art is born of necessity to a world of imperfection. In a sense, we all live within ourselves, within our own cons ciousness, within our perceptions. In this simple fact of human psychology art is born. Through the arts, we have the capacity to consciously shape our perception and the perception of others. The sensations created by an art form are called aesthetics. Beauty is a part of aesthetics, but only a small part. Often the reason an artist is compelled to create has nothing to do with capturing beauty or perfection. The need to create, the creative imperative, is more primal and infinitely more subtle than the cliche of beauty. (Gregson, 2005). There are many, different reasons why art is important. Some of those reasons were already mentioned. There are other reasons of why art is important and these are the following: †¢They are languages that all people speak that cut across racial, cultural, social, educational, and economic barriers and enhance cultural appreciation and awareness. †¢They provide opportunities for self-expression, bringing the inner world into the outer world of concrete reality. †¢They develop both independence and collaboration. †¢They make it possible to use personal strengths in meaningful ways and to bridge into understanding sometimes difficult abstractions through these strengths. They improve academic achievement enhancing test scores, attitudes, social skills, critical and creative thinking. †¢They exercise and develop higher order thinking skills including analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and problem-finding. †¢They provide the means for every student to learn. (DoSomething. org, 2012). Importance of Art as discussed in our GREATWK Course Our GREATWK course, pro vided us, students, a chance to develop cognitive skills and at the same time creative skills and helped us develop our imaginations through the discussions made by our professors. Individually, it also helped me grasp the definition of Art through the works of four, not alike famous Philosophers or Artists. The course defined art through the specific works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Aristotle, Leo Tolstoy, and Frida Kahlo. Nietzsche focused more on Tragic Art through the Birth of Tragedy, Aristotle on Tragedy and Mimesis through Poetics,, Tolstoy on â€Å"What is Art† and Frida Kahlo on Visual Art through her famous paintings. The four combined and created a quadrumvirate form of definition of what art is and helped me grasp a better and scholarly perspective on what art is to me. By the discussions made by our professors in our class, art was defined and was discussed thoroughly with the help of the specific works made by some of the greatest artists in history. It was also discussed why it is really significant in our lives. In the following sections, each of the four artists will be discussed, what is art for them and why art is necessary for us. Frida Kahlo defined Art mostly through her paintings which conveyed her biographical features to the audience. Through Visual Art, Frida freely expressed herself through the paintings, her experiences, ideas, and the significant happenings that happened in her life. One famous artist, Leo Tolstoy, who pretty much defined what art and beauty should be and composed of to be considered as real art and beauty. According to Tolstoy, art must form some kind of emotional link between the artist and his/her audience, one that emotionally affects the viewer. With respect to Kahlo, whose work represented a lot of experience and/or events within her life, it is quite very important for us viewers to know the story behind the art more than about the creator for us to understand the deeper meanings behind the figures. Tolstoy shows how the works of Frida can be considered as perfect examples of art and beauty. For Tolstoy, Art can only be considered as art only by the artist’s emotions through his/her creations, the form, and the intentions in creating such artwork. Art is considered beautiful only if the art portrays the sincerity of the artist, clearness or clarity of what the artist wants to express to his/her audience, and how the artist’s individuality is visibly shown to his/her audience. Freidrich Nietzsche In Nietzsche’s ideology, man is the main structure of this world. He believed that without man, life is useless and meaningless. In order to attain meaning in this world, man should live life dangerously, one of his famous lines, regardless of any consequences that may happen. He believed that there is no God and that it is through art that man may find path to becoming an ubermench. In Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche developed an idea of art and nature using the two ancient Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus as metaphors for these two fundamental principles. The Apollonian principle is most clearly expressed through the arts of painting and sculpture which, Nietzsche states are representations of the world. But these representations are fantastical in nature and, therefore, allow us to escape from the reality of the world, rather like a pleasant dream. The Dionysian principle, however, is more in touch with the cruel realities of nature and is most clearly expressed through ecstatic music and dance. It is also a form of forgetting or drunkenness. For Nietzsche, dreams represent the realm of beautiful forms and symbols, an orderly place of light and appearance. Drunkenness, on the other hand, is that state of wild passions where the boundaries between self and other dissolve. If we are to be truly human and experience any form of genuine understanding of ourselves and the world we live in. Ultimately, a person should strive to find a balance between the Apollonian and the Dionysian forces. In relation to art being a necessity in life, according to Nietzsche, Art sustains life. Art is what makes life endurable and thus possible. Art is what make life worth living. Nietzsche depicts this through a beautiful metaphor: Once again we may see the artistic buoyancy and creative joy as a luminous cloud shape reflected upon the dark surface of a lake of sorrow. Hence, this is another basic role of art: art as a metaphysical solace. Nietszsche, analyzing the Greek tragedy writes: The metaphysical solace (with which, I wish to say at once, all true tragedy sends us away) that despite every phenomenal change, life is at bottom indestructibly joyful and powerful. (Quesada, 2009). Leo Tolstoy and Aristotle In Poetics, Aristotle proposed that the origin of Art for the likings of Human existence was Imitation. Based from Aristotle himself, Poetry, which is a form of Art, imitates life through harmony, rhythm, and language. Tragedy is one form of poetry that deals with feelings of pity, fear and of Catharsis, or the purification of emotions. The poet is the one who serves as the writer and narrator of the tragedy who in a way in which imitates life through pity and fear. The poet is also the one who takes the recipient into a lampoon type of worldview within the tragedy. With that in mind, the recipient evokes in himself/herself the idea of criticizing the tragedy and thus recollects once again and tries to recall whether he/she really did felt pity and fear towards the tragic hero. For Tolstoy, on the other hand, he described art and explained why art is necessary in different ways in his work entitled â€Å"What is Art? †. First, he described and explained how art can be considered as a work of art. It is based on these three: †¢On the greater or lesser individuality of the feeling transmitted; †¢On the greater or lesser clearness with which the feeling is transmitted; †¢On the sincerity of the artist, i. e. , on the greater or lesser force with which the artist himself feels the emotion he transmits. (Tolstoy, 1986). Then he also explained why art is necessary. Art acts as a message for the viewers to see and feel. It is based on the fact that a man, receiving through his sense of hearing or sight another mans expression of feeling, is capable of experiencing the emotion which moved the man who expressed it. Conclusion In conclusion, with all the definition of art given by the artists/philosophers aforementioned, I now know how complex and dynamic art as a subject is. Art is a diverse range of human acts and what it produces. It can be something that can be expressed through individual thoughts, emotions, feelings and senses. Art evolves in a way that when expressed properly with the correct criteria used in judging if it is a work of art or not, it is transformed into creative forms through creative and cognitive skills like novels, paintings, dramas, plays, etc. Every person has its own perspective and understanding of art. There are many definitions of art. We can define art based on our own understanding and our own experience. Art is really necessary for us because it can bring about change and improvement. We, as human beings, we are always subject to change no matter what because it is who we are and it is how we grow and improve to become better. By becoming better citizens, we can create a better society and by doing so, we can create a better world where we can live peacefully and in harmony. Art can be really important in our lives because it can be a form of communication, emotion, expression, creativity, imagination and many more. Through art, we have the capacity to consciously shape our perception and the perception of others. Art can be considered as way to connect tragedy with our lives (Nietzsche), a way to pour out our emotions and feelings through our paintings (Kahlo), or as an imitation of one’s life (Aristotle) and that it is in our own selves how we criticize and create a life perspective based on the decisions we make that could either lead to a misfortune or contentment in life.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Percentage Profit Margins Of A Project Construction Essay

Percentage Profit Margins Of A Project Construction Essay The net price of measured work is the final price taking into consideration all the elements. In other words the net price is the overall and final price, including labour, plant and materials without any profit or overhead allowances which are priced elsewhere in the preliminaries. Overheads need to be taken into consideration when preparing estimates. Overheads are costs you control such as electricity or office rent, usually you will have to recover them because they include admin. Most medium sized construction organisations recover the cost of these each year spread over the turnover of the project, this can be assed as a percentage addition but may fluctuate according to you turnover. Risks are unforeseen set backs in the project, weather disasters are a great example of a risk that might have to be taken into consideration. Preliminaries The preliminary part of a project is the initial section giving a description of the project. Plant, vehicles and tools are all included in the preliminary costs. This includes the costs of buying or maintaining the machinery and tools and also the costs of erecting and maintaining scaffolding on a project. The cost for this is worked out using the surface area of the structure, what material is used in the structure and the length of time the scaffolding is up. Sometimes this can include costs of toilet installation, water and electricity and also the costs of managers, engineers and safety officers Profit Profit is essentially how much money you make. There are different types of profit; net profit, gross profit and operating profit. Gross profit is usually found calculating all sales minus any cost relating to the sales, in other words how much money you make on the sales. Net profit is seen as gross profit minus all overheads and interest. And operating profit which is the profit for the business core business operations excluding profit made from investments and the effects of tax or interest. Estimating methods Estimations are used all the time in everyday life; estimation can give you a rough idea or figure to a sum without finding an exact answer. They come in very handy in many aspects of day to day life without exception to the construction industry. Estimations can help you get a rough Idea of how much salary you have to pay out, how many bricks or how much concrete you want for a project and many other things. There are different types of estimating methods that can be used to do different things. Cost estimation is used regularly to decipher the net costs of many materials you need on site. The estimator will need to estimate the amount of materials needed and the type of materials needed on the project. The two main benefits of cost estimation are firstly that changes can be made in early stages to reduce the overall effect this has on the project time schedule and cost and secondly the more cost information you gather the more you improve the quality of cost data The estimator will also have to include labour costs, so they have to estimate the different types of workers that will be needed to complete the project and also how many of these workers will be needed to ensure the project is completed on time. When calculating labour rates you have to take into consideration numerous different factors such as nation insurance, hourly rates, holiday and sick pay (if it is a lengthy project) and many more. A method for estimating labour costs that has been widely accepted is COEP, the code of estimating practise. As well as this an estimator will usually supply contingency sums. A contingency sum will usually be an amount of money to cover any unforeseen expenses that may arise in the duration of the project, in other words any overheads. Here is a table of the different estimating methods used in the 1930s compared to those used in the modern day. Single rate estimation This is commonly used by health and education services at the inception stage of a project. This is useful when a simple and quick cost range is needed in initial stages of a project. An example of this is knowing it will cost you  £10,000 to build a singular room in an hotel complex and you have a budget of  £100,000, you then have a rough estimate that you can build ten of these rooms. Depending on location and ground conditions it can be difficult to adjust certain project costs. Building volume method This is not widely used anymore but basically consist of working out the volume of the building and using it as a cost yardstick (quote taken form martin brooks estimating and tendering). However some countries are still familiar with building costs expressed as cubic meter prices. Floor area method This is a very popular method as it is quite simple. To create a floor area estimation you have to measure the building at each floor level, not making any deduction for internals, and then using previous construction costs and dividing them by the internal floor area to give you a cost per metre squared. When doing this it is obvious that some additional adjustments will have to be made and a separate assessment has to be carried out for external works. P3 There are many things that can affect the percentage profit margins of a project. First of all overheads and unforeseen disasters can play a massive part in this as money spent on these comes straight out of profit. Although an estimator will usually put a certain amount of money to the side in case of this happening it may sometimes not be enough. Some companies compare aspect of their project with old similar projects to see if they can isolate unforeseens and abnormal costs, by doing this they hope to be able to isolate the problems and find an efficient way around it in an attempt to maximise profit margins. When a cost plan has been made it has to be translated into design criteria so that not only can the design team understand it but also so the client or manager can take charge and ensure that the project is within its cost restraints;. Some companies who pride themselves on being green can reduce their profit margins by following procedures to keep green, paying extra money for correct and efficient recycling and ensuring the materials they buy are sources locally and appropriate for recycle can boost material pricing quite considerably. The output of labour can be affected by numerous different things, first and foremost is once again unforeseen issues. Sickness and injury can severely affect the output of labour as it ultimately leads to workers having time off. Not only this, it can also cost the company as they are still entitled to pay. I personally think the structure and organisation of a project can ultimately lead to the designated output you want from your labourers. For example you dont want an excavator and its driver sat static for half a day because your organisation charts have not made the best use of it as this will technically be wasting money. M On-costs are overheads, they are managed and include wages, electricity, gas or office rent, usually you will have to recover them because they include admin. Most medium sized construction organisations recover the cost of these each year spread over the turnover of the project, this can be assed as a percentage addition but may vary according to your turnover. Overheads are costs that have to be met in order for the head office to run smoothly, company cars, insurance and departmental costs are all included in overhead costing. These costs need to be recovered; therefore a percentage is usually recovered from the additional costs added in the estimate. To get a figure for this percentage you must know the overall value of the companys overheads per year, and also the companys turnover. You divide the overhead costs by the company turnover and times the answer by a hundred to be left with the percentage. This percentage can then be used in future estimates. You are also able to reconcile overheads by recovering them against tendered works. This can be done in a number of different ways. Firstly you can use an increased profit margin to cover the over head costs and not include them, you can also establish the overhead costs/total turnover and add the percentage to the tenders and lastly you can move the head office onto site and recover the costs through the preliminaries. A companys turnover will fluctuate year to year. There are many factors that can affect this, such as risks, work efficiency and contract pricing. Risks can occur all the time, sometimes you can loose money due to these risks and sometimes you can gain money, with risks also comes unforeseens, set backs that can loose you money. Being efficient with you work can save you money, if one year a company was extremely efficient they would make more money than if they were not efficient and wasteful. Lastly pricing can have an affect on turnover too, when it is very competitive times you may have to significantly lower your prices to sign as deal. When a companies turnover drops, they will loose not only profit but also money on the overheads as the turnover will drop in accordance with the percentage. In addition to this if a company turnover rises there will be more than enough money there to cover the overheads and therefore the profit will rise too. In the preliminaries we get fixed and time-related charges we have to consider, the SMM7 guide tells us to identify them separately in the bills of quantities. A fixed charge is for the work of the cost of which is to be considered as independent on duration and a time-related charge is for work the cost of which is to be considered as dependent on duration. There are a number of different items that it is hard to designate to a certain charge, such as a crane on site for two weeks. Most plant charges get divided by the duration to produce monthly repayments. For example; employer accommodation requirements. SMM7 states that if an employer has to use onsite accommodation he must include heating, lighting and maintenance. Here are a few other requirements; Accommodation Dependant on specific requirements, offices, toilets, meeting rooms, laboratories and car parking may be needed. Furniture If none stated, client must be providing his own Transport Inspection of components, transport for staff or consultants plus fuel and maintenance Example; management and staff Choice of management varies, dependant on size, complexity and duration of project. Site manager Required on most sites, amount of staff depends on size and complexity. General foreman Co-ordination and management of labour, plant and labour-only subcontractors. Engineer Services engineer to co-ordinate specialist jobs, analyze methods, and quality control.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay Over the last two decade there has been an unprecedented boom in the Irish construction industry in road infrastructure. It has become a common sight on Irish roads to see countless Lorries carrying materials to these sites ranging from crushed rock, sand, gravel and tarmac. At present these materials are formed from primary aggregates. The use of these primary materials reduces the natural resources of existing quarries. An alternative to this, is the use of borrow pits which will help in the supply of materials requirements both in general fill and aggregates which may help to avoid the use of reserves from established quarries which will help increase the lifespan of these quarries. As with the supply of material, borrow pits could also be used for recycling purposes also because most jobs would have inert materials that would have to be discarded of site to landfill. The term borrow pit is generally utilized by the Contractor when a project requires a larger amount of fill material versus amount of usable material obtained from cut sections. Borrow pits are typically located next to the construction site, and in the ideal situation are soon backfilled with waste materials, such as soft clay, that often have to be removed from the construction area hence the material excavated is borrowed. Normally, large quantities of material, mainly bulk fill, are required over a short time. The author first became involved in the construction of road infrastructure during the construction of the N18 N19 Ballycasey to Dromland Dual Carriageway in early 2000 where there was a lot of import material brought into to the job from nearby quarries and materials that had to go to landfill. From the authors initial research and work experience on various road jobs it was apparent that the use of borrow pits to provide an alternative source of material would be a worthy dissertation topic and that the knowledge gained would be invaluable for future use. Hypothesis The key question that this dissertation will address is Could the use of Borrow pits in the construction of the road network be a benefit Aim To determine if Borrow pits can provide the necessary quality material required for the construction of roads and also provide alternative options for the disposal of inert waste produced on sites other than to landfill. Outline of chapters This dissertation is structured into and comprises of six chapters, which are briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the dissertation. Its shows the particular reasons why this topic was chosen. This chapter also outlines the aim, objectives and hypothesis of the dissertation. In chapter 2, the methodologies used to research the topic are discussed. It provides a review of both the primary and the secondary sources utilized for gathering information and the limitations encountered in carrying out the research are also discussed. In chapter 3 outlines the work that is required to ascertain if borrow pits are up to providing the material necessary for the construction of roads. It also looks at site investigation and soil testing. Chapter 2 Research Methodology Introduction This chapter outlines the methods of research which were adopted in relation to the fieldwork research for this dissertation. It explains in detail the various methods of data collection that were used, indicating the methods of primary and secondary data collection methods and any limitations encountered during the research are highlighted. Research Process The proposal for my dissertation began to materialise when looking back on my previous working experiences in the construction industry. One of the main areas of the authors work was involved in road construction. During the initial research the author investigated on the availability of information for his topic and when satisfied, proceeded to expand on this proposal. There was a medium volume of primary and secondary data available for this topic and also from the authors work experience there was a readily available source of primary data. Sources of Information Primary Sources Naoum (2007, p20) states that Primary literature is the most accurate source of information as it publishes original research The author sourced valuable primary information from Conferences, Reports, Government Publications, (for example NRA) and information from his work experiences. Secondary Naoum (2007, p20) states that Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as textbooks and newspaper articles The subject of recycling and waste management in the construction is very topical at the present and the author was able to gather a substantial amount of information through secondary sources. The internet played a vital part in the collection of information. Through this median the majority of information was researched. As well as the internet other sources of secondary information was gathered from Publications/Reports Trade Journal and magazines Textbooks The text books on the subject where sourced through the LIT and GMIT libraries . Literature Review Once the literature search was completed a literature review was carried out to choose which material was most relevant to the dissertation. All this literature was placed in a literature file. Much of the material which was web based was stored on a computer file and was not printed out. Research Limitations The author found that he was unfortunately limited as there were not a lot of books published on certain past of the chosen topic. This meant a lot more time was spent searching the internet for information required for the various chapters. Borrow Pit Selection Introduction There a number of factor in the selection of a potential borrow pits Pantouvakis et al said the overall objective in selecting a borrow pit is to determine the most economical and technically efficient location with the minimal impact. the next activity is to establish which are the best sites to develop. The main influences that have to be evaluated include: Technical Considerations Economic Considerations Social and Environmental Considerations A summary of all the main factors to be taken into account is presented in Figure 4.1. This Figure illustrates the large number of potential influences and their interrelationship. The decision to develop one material source rather than an alternative will often require engineering judgement in order to adequately balance the technical, economic, social and environmental considerations. This Section provides guidelines for carrying out an evaluation of technical considerations and presents an introduction to economic influences. Detailed consideration of economic influences associated with developing a material supply strategy for sections of road are reviewed in Section 9. The detailed review of potential social and environmental impacts associated with material resource development is also presented separately, in Section 11. Borrow Pit Site Investigation Introduction Site investigations are primarily carried out in order to establish reliable estimates of the quantities, quality and processing needs of potential road building materials. Quigley For road projects, a principal aim of the site investigation is to classify the suitability of the soils in accordance with Table 6 / 1 from Series 600 of the NRA Specification for Road Works (SRW), March 2000 see appendix A The design of the site investigation must consider the following factors: How much material is required? The investigation should concentrate on identifying sufficient workable material to supply expected requirements. The method of site investigation will probably be influenced by the availability of suitable resources (plant and test equipment). The hardness of the deposits may dictate the method of investigation. The depth and nature of overburden deposits may influence choice of investigation methods (this can be seen later on in the chapter). Borrow pit ground investigations should be carried out at regular intervals across the site. It is recommended that the depth of overburden, and the characteristics and thickness of the workable deposit is investigated on the basis of a 30 m to 50 m square grid. This distance should only be widened if the site is very large and the materials very similar at each test location. Unexpected changes in the ground profile should be examined locally by making additional intermediate investigation sites in the grid. A site plan of each borrow pit to be investigated should be prepared, showing: The main features of the site. The means of access and the pit location with respect to haul road placement for extraction. The location of each site been investigated and investigation borehole should be logged using modern GPS or similar devices. This information will be important when you go to work out the quantity of the resources in each potential site been looked at. This process will be looked at further on in this chapter. Desk top study A desk top study is one of the first steps undertaken when you look at a potential site because it can provide you information already available about a site. (Simons et al, 2002). Within the construction industry, desk studies are well know but are an under-used method of gathering and assessing existing information about a site. Desk studies generally include a visual inspection of the site and its surrounding area (usually called a walkover survey). The desk study examines and draws together existing information from a variety of sources to form an initial appraisal of possible ground conditions. A good starting point is to use OS maps. These allow the site to pin pointed and an accurate grid reference to be obtained. This permits much more accurate references on the geological maps used later, which can be got from the Geological Survey of Ireland, which show existing geological records for the area and also historical maps could be a help. The walk-over survey of a site can give valuable insight into potential ground condition problems (for example slope instability or shallow groundwater) and contamination issues (revealed for example by vegetation dieback). On site visit, local resident can often provide information on groundwater and sources of raw material in the area. The combination of the desk study and the walk-over survey is an extremely cost effective first stage in an investigation. It provides early warning of pote ntial problems and a sound basis for the scope of subsequent, more detail investigation which may follow. The desk study and walk-over survey can also provide early recognition of site issues such as ecology and archaeology which may have implications on site selection. Traditional Ground investigation methods There are number of different types of ground investigation methods available on the market and we will look at some of the most common method used. Trial Pits. Boreholes investigation, Light Percussion Boreholes. Rotary Drill holes. Geophysical Seismic Refraction Method. Electrical Resistivity Method Trial Pits Trial pits are predominantly carried out using mechanical excavators which will give information of the ground while the digging is taking place. Throughout the process photos are taken of the ground conditions and samples of material Quigley (typically 30kg for engineering performance tests) are also taken are specified ground depths. Depending on the excavators reach this will determine depth or if bedrock is reached, Cat 320D digging depth is up to 6.690m (Caterpillar 320D brochures). All field work is carried out in accordance with BS5930.1999. Figure Picture of Trial Pit operation. (Source www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Figure Pictures of samples taken (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) (Quigley) points out that A suitably experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist should supervise the trial pitting works and recovery of samples. It is important that all trial pits are backfilled after testing is completed. See appendix 2 for example of Trial Pit log. Borehole Investigation Light Percussion Boreholes (Shell and Auger) Light percussion boreholes or otherwise known as Shell and Auger boring can be used in all types of soils and is mainly used for depths exceeding that of an excavator. The rig consists of an engine powered winch and tripod frame that is easily collapsed for towing behind a four wheel drive vehicle. The boreholes are usually 150 to 200 mm in diameter and steel casing is typically required throughout most of the hole. Boreholes of 20 to 30m depth are commonly bored in suitable soils, however in mixed soil, depths can vary samples should be taken at ( Quigley) 1.00m intervals or change of strata. See figure 3 for example of rig in working position. Figure Light percussion boreholes rig (Sourced www.southerntesting.co.uk) Boring is achieved by repeatedly dropping an auger, consisting of a steel tube, to the bottom of the borehole. In sands and gravels a valve is fitted to the lower end of the tube to trap the material entering it, this is a shell or sand auger. Any large stones or small boulders encountered can be broken up with a heavy chiselling tool. Large disturbed samples may be obtained, but below the water table the washing action of the shell may remove some of the fine material from sand and gravel deposits. Attachments to the rig allow the use of light rotary drilling equipment that will enable limited investigation of the characteristics of any bedrock encountered. See figure 4. Figure Attachments for light rotary drilling (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Rotary Drill Boreholes Rotary drill rigs come in a variety of sizes from small skid mounted machines to large truck mounted machines. See Figure 5. They use a rotary action combined with downward force to grind away the material in which the hole is made. The primary use of rotary drilling techniques is to investigate rock quality by taking core samples. However, rotary drilling rigs can be used for non core drilling. A destructive tricone (rock roller) drill bit is generally used to advance a non-coring hole. Only the rate of advance and characteristics of the cuttings flushed to the surface by the drilling water give any indication of the strata penetrated. This can be supplement by small disturbed samples recovered from a driven sampler (i.e. SPT sampler). Non core drilling is therefore of limited use, but might be employed through the overburden covering a rippable rock or quarry stone. Figure Rotary drill rig in operation (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Rotary coring involves the use of a water lubricated diamond or tungsten tipped hollow core bit attached to a core sample recovery barrel and a series of hollow drill rods. See figure 6. In weak or fractured rocks better quality core are recovered from larger diameter bits. Some ground investigation drillers have developed a technique for recovering disturbed soil samples by dry drilling with a single tube core barrel, but This practice is not widely used and is less successful in coarse deposits with little plastic clay binder. Example of rotary log see appendix 3. Further information on site investigation drilling and the description of drill cores is contained in BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigations (1999). Figure Layout of a small Rotary core unit. (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Geophysical Exploration This method of investigation is not commonly used as it is not suitable for all ground conditions and there are limitations to the information obtained. The main use of this form of exploration is it can give bedrock and water table levels and it can also detect sub-surface cavities. The two main methods are. Seismic Refraction This method involves the generation of an artificial shock waves in the rock or soil and then records the finding in a series of detecting station which are place across the area been investigated. The detecting stations are known as geophones. This method is often used to detect buried channels and identify bedrock levels. See figure Figure Seismic Refraction Method (Source www.geophysics.co.uk) Electrical Resistivity Method This method involves the driving of four equally spaced electrodes into the ground in a straight line. When this process is done and a current is passed through the outer electrodes and the difference in volts with the inner electrodes is measured. See Figure 8 Figure Electrical Resistivity Method (Source www.discoveryprogramme.ie) Soils Testing The purpose of the soil testing of material from the borrow pits is to Determine the engineering properties of the material. To establish if the material is the same quality throughout. To provide document records of the pit for the clients. In order to fully assess the engineering properties of a borrow pit material it is necessary to have samples tested in a Materials Laboratory. The purpose of testing material is to see if the comply with the specifications of there indented use. The laboratory will use standard testing procedures to classify the samples taken. In Ireland the parameters set out in Table 6 / 1 of the NRA SRW include a combination of the following. Typical tests undertaken are for soils and aggregates Moisture content 10% fines Particle size grading Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit CBR MCV Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Laois County Council 2007) Moisture content Moisture content is the amount of water to amount of dry soil. The method is based on removing soil moisture by oven-drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant. The moisture content (%) is calculated from the sample weight before and after drying tests carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 109:1990 for aggregates Figure Soils Oven (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) 10% Fines This test is not too dissimilar from the test to determine the aggregate crushing value which determines the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. But instead of using a standard force of 400kn. the force at which 10% of fines are produced is noted as the Ten Percent Fines Value. This usually requires a number of tests and a graph to establish the exact figure. This test tends to be used for softer aggregate where a force of 400kn. would crush most or all of the aggregate. This test is carried out BS 812 Part 111: 1990 for aggregates Partially Grading Tests The particle size distribution grading of a road surfacing material is an essential guide to the suitability of the material since the engineering properties are very dependant on grading. See Figure 7. Testing is carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 103.1:1985 for aggregates. Figure Sieve Test (Sourced Soil Compaction Handbook) Plastic Limit Testing and Liquid Limit Testing The Plastic Limit (PL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which the soil fines change from a semi solid to a plastic state. In this test a 20 gram sample of material passing the O.425 mm sieve is mixed with a little water until it becomes plastic enough to be formed into a ball. The soil is then moulded between the fingers until the surface begins to crack. It is then repeatedly rolled on a glass plate into 3mm diameter threads until longitudinal cracking causes the tread to start to break up. This moisture content is the plastic limit. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL5 Figure Plastic limit test and equipment (Sourced http://ral.train.army.mil) and (Sourced www.humbolgtmfg.com) The Liquid Limit (LL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which soil changes from a firm plastic state to a soft liquid state. Two methods are available for determining the liquid limit: the traditional method using the Casagrande apparatus and the more recently developed cone penetrometer method. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL4.3 4.4 Figure Casagrande equipment Figure Cone Penetrometer (Sources www.humbolgtmfg.com) (Sources www.sbe.napier.ac.uk) The difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit is called the Plasticity Index (PI). This index provides a good guide to the cohesive properties of a road building aggregate. A high PI may indicate the presence of an undesirable amount or type of clay. CBR test It is in essence a simple penetration test developed to evaluate the strength of road subgrades. How strong is the ground upon which we are going to build the road. (Summers 2010) Tests are carried out either unsoaked or soaked. Unpaved road materials would normally be tested according to the 4 day soaked test procedure. An estimated CBR value may be derived from the results of grading and plasticity tests. Tests are carried out to B.S.1377:4:1990 Section 7 Figure CBR test apparatus (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) MCV Test This test involves compaction of soil or fine aggregates using a hand held device. The compactive effort can be compared to that needed at the optimum moisture content. This enables a comparison with the actual moisture content of the soil. Test carried out to BS 1377: Part 4:1990 see Figure 13 for test apparatus. Figure MCV apparatus (Sourced www.ele.com) Triaxial Shear Strength Test The triaxial shear strength test subjects a soil specimen to three compressive stresses at right angle to each other with stress being increased until the sample fails in shear. This test is carried out to predict how the material will behave in a larger-scale engineering application. An example would be to predict the stability of the soil on a slope, whether the slope will collapse or whether the soil will support the shear stresses of the slope and remain in place. Tests are carried out to BS 1377: Part 6:1990. See figure 14 for test apparatus. Figure Test apparatus for Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Sourced www.namicon.com) New Changes to Site Investigation and Testing At present all Geotechnical investigation and testing is carried out to B.S. but come 31st March 2010 all test will be carried out using the new Eurocode 7 this will be for all publicly funded project. This does not apply to the private sector but there are likely to follow suit. Example of changes. TC 341: Geotechnical investigation and testing 14688 Identification and classification of soil 3 Parts 14689 Identification and classification of rock 2 Parts 17892 Laboratory testing of soil 12 Parts 22282 Geohydraulic testing 6 Parts 22475 Sampling methods and groundwater measurements 3 Parts 22476 Field testing 13 Parts (Sourced New Irish Geotechnical Standards and Selection of Characteristic Parameter Values 2009) Resources Estimation Introduction In this chapter the author will look at how quantities of materials that can be potentially in a borrow pit and how they may be calculated. One of the main primary objective of a borrow pit investigation and testing is to establish the extent of the different classes of materials and there suitability to the given project. With all the information in the next objective is to calculate the quantity of material that is in the potential borrow pit to see if its a viable option to proceed with. The potential quantity of material that can be extracted from a borrow pit should always be calculated in cubic metres (m3). A cubic metre should be seen as a box of material with a length (l) of 1 metre a height (h) of 1 metre and a depth (d) of 1metre. Before and estimates can be taken off a detail topography survey of the potential borrow pits will have to be taken see figure 21 for typical contour survey. However, with all information from the investigation of the site it can be hard to estimate an exact amount so it is better to estimate on the conservative than on the generous. This may come about if the information between the trial pits may vary from data collected as seen early a grids of 30 to 50 meters should be used and for larger areas if could be up to 100 meters grids There are different method of calculation the quantity of material that in the given site depending on the borrow pit make up but the most simple way is to break the area up into simple shapes such as rectangular prisms or triangular prisms. The volume of material in these shapes is estimated by first calculating a representative area in square meters (m2), and then multiplying this area by its depth or a length (in metres). It may need to be an average depth or length if the pit is irregular in shape or the deposit has a variable thickness. Formula for calculating the areas for different type of pit can be work out using the standard mathematically formula to get the quantities for the site. See figures 17,18,19,20 Trapezoid Figure Formula for a Trapezoid shape Volume = Base X Height Figure Formula for Prisms Volume = Length X Width X Height Figure Formula for a Rectangular Volume = 1/3 pr2x height Figure Formula for a cone shape (Sourced Area and surface Formulas) Another method of course if available to you is different types of computer packages that can do the work for you like AutoCAD 3D civil packages. Figure Typical Contour Survey (Sourced Volume Calculations) Material Wastage, Shrinkage and Bulking Material Wastage Wastage can occur if site investigation reports of material dont add up to what in the ground and material been use for work it was not envisaged to do, like having to create bund not accounted for some. Material Bulking Material bulking will also to be taken into account when hauling materials of the bulking-up factor. When materials are excavated they are loosened and sometimes broken down, this result in an increase in volume per unit weight known as bulking. The bulking factor of a material is the bulk density in the pit face (bank) divided by the loose bulk density. A bulking factor of 1.25 indicates that 100 m3 of bank material will become 125 m3 of loose material in the stockpile. Material Shrinking Compacted material, material that has been excavated from it natural state and placed some place else for compaction. With compaction the volume reduces. The same can apply to shrinkage when material is been compacted what was originally 1m3 in a compacted state with shrinking factor is 0.85m3. Table 1 Typical Material Density, Bulking and Shrinkage Factors. (Source Earthworks) The Resources Estimation has a dual purpose with given you the quantities of resources out but also on the other hand the amount of material which if can be disposal back into to fill the pits from surplus or unsuitable material that cannot be use on site. Legalisation Introduction This chapter discusses of both Planning legislation and Waste legislation in the terms of Construction and Demolishing Waste in the construction sector. The planning legislation we will be looking in relation to opening up of a borrow pit for bulk material (soil) and the production of aggregates. In CD waste legislation for the disposal of inert material. In the area of waste management there has been a number of direct and indirect (both national and EU) legislative influences on how operations should be carried out with the regards to CD waste in road construction The Planning and Development Act 2000 and associated Regulations 2001 The Planning and Development Act 2000 is the main act for planning permission in Ireland and this process is overseen by the different Local Authorities in the country. Regulations 2001 is the statutory legislation that applies to new and existing extractive developments and ancillary facilities in Ireland. Quarries (including sand and gravel pits) operating before the existence of planning legislation in Ireland that was implemented in 1964 did not have to obtain planning permission and were essentially unregulated. Despite this, much self-regulation took place such as imposition of emissions (noise, blasting, and dust) limits and the implementation of Environmental Management systems accredited to IS0 14001. However, under Section 261 of the Planning and Development Act 2000, a new system of once-off registration for all quarries was introduced. Only those quarries for which planning permission was granted in the five years before section 261 (i.e. after April 1999) became operative are excluded. Section 261 has also resulted in some extractive sites being required to submit an Environmental impact statement and to go through the formal planning process. This review process has resulted in up-to-date environmental and biodiversity management conditions being enforceable on all authorised sites; this process is largely complete at this time. CD Waste legislation As spoken earlier on CD waste legislation in Ireland is influenced by European waste policy and legislation. The EU waste management is based on the waste hierarchy which gives preference to waste prevention, then to waste recovery (including reuse, recycle and energy recovery). And finally to waste disposal (to landfill) See figure 22 for hierarchy Figure Waste hierarchy (Source Fas CIF Handbook on Construction Demolishing and Waste) European Legislation The majority of European waste management directives are based on the Symonds report 1999 which evaluated the recycling of CD Waste in each of the member state and prepared 55 recommendation. The following is a list of the most important recommendations of the report Fly tipping subject to sanctions Land filling of CD waste should be discouraged by member states. CD Waste derived aggregates should not be discrimination in the market place, primary aggregates and CD Waste derived aggregates should be both be considered as raw materials The client should demand that Environmental Impact Analysis be undertaken for each project which could form part of Environmental Management Plan. Governments to draw up National Waste Management plans for CC waste. The main based EU based legislation that influences CD waste management on a national level are Framework Directive on waste 75/442/EEC plus amendments Framework Directive on Hazardous Waste,1991 91/689/EEC

Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s unusual story, Young Goodman Brown, is a tale that can be analyzed through many different perspectives. The author uses mystery and bizarre scenarios that create gaps in the plot, leaving the reader asking questions about what the intent of Hawthorne’s style is. To answer these questions, many readers approach the story with a type of critical analysis, such as authorial intention, historical and biographical criticism, mythological and archetypal criticism, or reader response criticism. All may apply to this particular story, depending on the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authorial intent criticism is based on the idea that whatever meaning coming from the passage is none other than what the author intended it to be. This type of approach may be beneficial or may cause more confusion to some readers. If you were to know what the author intended a certain complicated passage to mean, it would be much easier to grasp the meaning of the entire text. There is one problem related to this approach, however. If the author is not present or has no notes explaining the intention of a passage, it is impossible to have questions answered. This is the problem that I ran into while reading Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plot to Hawthorne’s story is filled with mystery, leaving the reader questioning certain scenes and acts. For example, the biggest question that I had for Hawthorne was did he intend for Young Goodman Brown’s experience in the forest gathering to be a dream or a hallucination, or was it real? Some students question whether or not the dark traveler who was waiting for Brown was the Devil or was an alter ego for Brown himself. Unfortunately, these are both intent questions that cannot be answered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost opposite in character is reader response criticism. This is an approach where the reader’s interpretation of the text is how it is supposed to be seen. How the reader responds to actions, conflicts, circumstances, and other gaps left within the story is what makes the plot form. With every different reader, and every different reading, a new plot is formed, and none of these readings are any more correct than the other. It is the methodology and transaction between the reader and the text interpretation that counts, and has nothing to do with the intent of the author. With my questions unanswered about Hawthorne’s intent, I was forced to use reader response and provide my own interpretation.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Europeans And Aborigines In The 1700s Essay -- Australia Australian H

European ships chiefly began sailing into southern Australian waters in the 18th century. These left human cargoes behind and, unlike earlier visitors, had an immediate impact on the Aborigines, who suffered interference with their economy and lifestyle as the colonists sought and secured for themselves good sources of water, sheltered positions, and access to fish—all of which were also vital to Aboriginal people. The perception that Australia was quietly â€Å"settled† without conflict with the Aboriginal people, an idea that, it has been argued, enabled the concept of â€Å"terra nullius† to be maintained, has been substantially revised in recent years. It is now generally acknowledged that resistance took place right from the first tentative encroachments by European nations into Australian waters. The Dutch sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and one Dutch sailor was killed by the Tjungundji (whose hero was the warrior Sivirri). Another Dutch ship visited the area in 1623, but in attempting to kidnap people was met by 200 warriors who drove the sailors away. James Cook, in spite of the popular misconception, also met with some resistance in Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men, after sending away the women and children, stood firm against Cook’s landing. According to Cook’s account of the incident: â€Å"We then threw them some nails, beads etc. ashore which th ey took up and seem’d not ill pleased in so much that I thought that they beckoned to us to come ashore, but in this we were much mistaken, for as soon as we put the boat in they again came to oppose us upon which I fired a musket between the two which had no other effect than to make them retire back where bundles of their darts lay, and one of them took up a stone and threw at us w... ..., and movement controls and restriction of ceremonies meant that Aboriginal people were much more isolated from each other than they had been before. This, together with the influences and impact of European culture, resulted in the development of new artistic styles. In some areas gospel music with a uniquely Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) flavour was written and performed, in others country-and-western music or blues styles developed. More recently have come rock music and modern dance groups such as Bangarra. From the 1950s, new materials and styles came to be used in the visual arts, including watercolours, acrylic paints, pottery, photography, landscape, abstract art, and sculpture. These also reflected the radical changes in lifestyle and economy resulting from permanent European settlement, although the effect varied considerably across the continent.